28/FEBRUARY TO 05/MARCH 2022
CHAPTER 19 : IMPORTANT INDIAN CITIES
Let us look at some other major cities of our multifaceted country.
Chandigarh
Chandigarh is the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana. It is the first ever planned city in India. Chandigarh was planned by the French architect Le Corbusier. It was declared a Union Territory in 1966.
The city is comprised of people from various religions like Hindus, Sikhs, Christians and Muslims. Major festivals celebrated here by the locals are Baisakhi,
Guruparab, Lohri.
Rock Garden is very famous as it has been made by using industrial and urban waste. Sukhna Lake and Rose Garden are other major tourist attractions.
Jaipur
Jaipur is the capital city of Rajasthan. It was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. Some of the important places of tourist attractions are Hawa Mahal, City Palace, Jantar Mantar and Albert Hall. It is known as the "Pink City" because of the pink sandstone used for the construction of all the structures.
Jaipur has major craft industries like block printing; sculpture; miniature paintings; ivory carving and shellac work. Major festivals celebrated are Gangaur, Teej,
Kite and Elephant festival.
Lucknow
Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh. The city is on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River. Hindi and Urdu are the main languages of Lucknow. The major industrial items are marble products, handicrafts, art pieces, jewellery, textiles, and electronics.
Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Eid, and Muharram are major festivals celebrated in Lucknow. Clock Tower, Rumi Darwaza, Imambaras and the Shaheed Smarak are its main tourist attractions.
Patna
Patna is the capital city of Bihar. Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. It is a major agricultural centre of trade and its most active exports are grain, sugar cane, sesame, and Patna rice. Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb, Hanuman Mandir, Patna Museum, Golghar and Qila House are some of the major tourist attractions of this city. Chhath, Dussehra, Diwali, Holi and Eid are major festivals celebrated here.
Guwahati
Guwahati is the biggest city of Assam. The city is between the banks of the Brahmaputra river and the foothills of the Shillong plateau. Assam State Museum,
Guwahati Planetarium and Bhubaneswari Temple are some of the major tourist attractions. Bihu and Brahmaputra beach festival are major festivals celebrated here. Guwahati is famous for bamboo items, traditional handloom, and mekhla chadars.
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad is the largest city of Gujarat. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the River Sabarmati. Textiles is one of the major industries of the city along with automobile and gemstone industries. Navratri, Diwali, Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi and Eid are major festivals of this city. Garba is the most popular folk dance of Gujarat. Akshardham Temple, Sardar Patel National Memorial, Sabarmati Ashram and Bhadra Fort are major tourist attractions.
21/FEBRUARY TO 26/FEBRUARY 2022
CHAPTER 15 DELHI
Delhi is the most important metropolitan city. It is the Capital of India. It is the third largest city in India. It is one of the fastest growing cities in India. River Yamuna flows through the eastern side of the city.
Delhi shares its boundaries with the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. It is now called the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR).
Government
All the main offices of the Central Government of India including the Central Secretariat, are located in New Delhi. The offices of the National Capital Territory of Delhi are also located here. Our President, Prime Minister and all the Central Ministers, Members of Parliament (MPs) live in New Delhi. The Embassies of other countries are also located in New Delhi. It is the capital city of India.
History
Delhi has been the capital of many kingdoms in the past. The city was first built by the Pandava kings and was called Indraprastha. Emperor Shah Jahan rebuilt it, and named it as Shah Jahanabad.
When the Britishers ruled over India, they shifted their capital from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Delhi. New Delhi, actually was planned and designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens during the British rule in India.
The President of India lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. It has the beautiful Mughal Gardens which are open to public during the spring time.
The Parliament House is also situated nearby. It is a beautiful, round building.
Historic Monuments
The India Gate is another important landmark of Delhi. It was built in the memory of the Indian soldiers who lost their lives in the World War. The Amar Jawan Jyoti keeps burning day and night at the India Gate in the memory of those soldiers, who sacrificed their lives for the country.
New Delhi is a well-planned city. It has broad roads and beautiful places of historical interest. The Red Fort is made up of red sandstone. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
On the Independence Day, the Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag at the Red Fort, every year.
The Qutub Minar is a very tall monument started by Qutub-ud-din Aibak and later built by Iltutmish. Near the Qutub Minar is an old iron pillar which has not rusted till today.
Among other buildings, there are the Humayun Tomb and the Old Fort. Jantar Mantar is an observatory.
Other Places to Visit
The Raj Ghat is the samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi–The Father of the Nation. Shanti Van, Shakti Sthal, Vijay Ghat, etc. are the other samadhis of our National Leaders.
Delhi has beautiful gardens like the Buddha Jayanti Park and the Lodhi Gardens. The Nehru Planetarium, the Zoo, the Rail Museum, the Dolls Museum and the Appu Ghar are of great attraction to the children.
Religious Places
There are famous places of worship of all religions in Delhi. The Jama Masjid, the Birla Mandir, the St. James Church and the Gurudwara Sisganj are some famous places of worship. The Lotus Temple, built a few years ago in white marble, is a Bahai temple built in the shape of a Lotus. The beautiful Akshardham temple, built a few years ago, has become the greatest tourist attraction of Delhi.
Climate
The climate of Delhi is very hot in summer and very cold in winter. Hot and dry winds, called loo, blow in the months of May and June. It rains here during the months of July, August and September. Winter is very cold.
Industries
Delhi is a big trade centre. It has many industries, offices and business units.
Banking, Information technology, pharmaceutical manufacturing, leather processing are some of the industries found here.
People from all the states of India live here, and practise their own culture, language and festivals. That is why Delhi is called ‘Mini India’.
Transport
Delhi is famous for its Metro rail system. Being a very fast means of transport, metro has made travelling fast, easy and comfortable for the people of Delhi. It is soon going to connect the whole of NCR.
Delhi shares its boundaries with the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. It is now called the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR).
Government
All the main offices of the Central Government of India including the Central Secretariat, are located in New Delhi. The offices of the National Capital Territory of Delhi are also located here. Our President, Prime Minister and all the Central Ministers, Members of Parliament (MPs) live in New Delhi. The Embassies of other countries are also located in New Delhi. It is the capital city of India.
History
Delhi has been the capital of many kingdoms in the past. The city was first built by the Pandava kings and was called Indraprastha. Emperor Shah Jahan rebuilt it, and named it as Shah Jahanabad.
When the Britishers ruled over India, they shifted their capital from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Delhi. New Delhi, actually was planned and designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens during the British rule in India.
The President of India lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. It has the beautiful Mughal Gardens which are open to public during the spring time.
The Parliament House is also situated nearby. It is a beautiful, round building.
Historic Monuments
The India Gate is another important landmark of Delhi. It was built in the memory of the Indian soldiers who lost their lives in the World War. The Amar Jawan Jyoti keeps burning day and night at the India Gate in the memory of those soldiers, who sacrificed their lives for the country.
New Delhi is a well-planned city. It has broad roads and beautiful places of historical interest. The Red Fort is made up of red sandstone. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
On the Independence Day, the Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag at the Red Fort, every year.
Among other buildings, there are the Humayun Tomb and the Old Fort. Jantar Mantar is an observatory.
Other Places to Visit
The Raj Ghat is the samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi–The Father of the Nation. Shanti Van, Shakti Sthal, Vijay Ghat, etc. are the other samadhis of our National Leaders.
Delhi has beautiful gardens like the Buddha Jayanti Park and the Lodhi Gardens. The Nehru Planetarium, the Zoo, the Rail Museum, the Dolls Museum and the Appu Ghar are of great attraction to the children.
Religious Places
There are famous places of worship of all religions in Delhi. The Jama Masjid, the Birla Mandir, the St. James Church and the Gurudwara Sisganj are some famous places of worship. The Lotus Temple, built a few years ago in white marble, is a Bahai temple built in the shape of a Lotus. The beautiful Akshardham temple, built a few years ago, has become the greatest tourist attraction of Delhi.
The climate of Delhi is very hot in summer and very cold in winter. Hot and dry winds, called loo, blow in the months of May and June. It rains here during the months of July, August and September. Winter is very cold.
Industries
Delhi is a big trade centre. It has many industries, offices and business units.
Banking, Information technology, pharmaceutical manufacturing, leather processing are some of the industries found here.
People from all the states of India live here, and practise their own culture, language and festivals. That is why Delhi is called ‘Mini India’.
Transport
Delhi is famous for its Metro rail system. Being a very fast means of transport, metro has made travelling fast, easy and comfortable for the people of Delhi. It is soon going to connect the whole of NCR.
CHAPTER 14 THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT AND THE MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE
Just as the elders in a family take care of the needs of every member at home, somebody has to look after the needs of the people, who live in a village or a city. In villages, this work is done by the Village Panchayat.
In cities, the Municipal Committees or Municipal Corporations look after the needs of the people.
Village Panchayat
Every village in India has a Village Panchayat or the Gramsabha. All men and women, who are 18 years of age and above cast their vote to elect members of the Village Panchayat. Each Village Panchayat has at least one woman member. The head of the Panchayat is called the Sarpanch or the Pradhan.
The Village Panchayat works for the welfare of the village, and looks after the needs of the people. It makes arrangements to keep the village neat and clean. Its welfare activities are given below:
- It makes arrangement for drinking water by digging wells.
- It provides and maintains the street lights.
- It runs schools for the children.
- It maintains village dispensaries and health services.
- It constructs and repairs village roads.
- It also settles disputes among the villagers.
- It maintains centres of adult education and dispensaries.
Municipal Committee
It looks after the needs of the people living in cities. The members of the Municipal Committee are elected by the people. They are called the Municipal Councillors.
The Municipal Committees in big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai are called the Municipal Corporations.
The Municipal Committee does many things for the welfare of the people.
- It looks after the cleanliness of the city.
- It makes arrangements for street lights.
- It arranges for the supply of clean, drinking water.
- It runs hospitals and dispensaries.
- It makes arrangements for primary schools.
- It builds and looks after the city roads.
- It builds and maintains parks.
The Municipal Committee needs a lot of money for all these functions. It gets money from taxes on houses and land. People pay taxes for water and electricity too. They also pay the road tax. The Village Panchayats and the Municipal Committees work to make our lives better and more comfortable.
In cities, the Municipal Committees or Municipal Corporations look after the needs of the people.
Village Panchayat
Every village in India has a Village Panchayat or the Gramsabha. All men and women, who are 18 years of age and above cast their vote to elect members of the Village Panchayat. Each Village Panchayat has at least one woman member. The head of the Panchayat is called the Sarpanch or the Pradhan.
The Village Panchayat works for the welfare of the village, and looks after the needs of the people. It makes arrangements to keep the village neat and clean. Its welfare activities are given below:
- It makes arrangement for drinking water by digging wells.
- It provides and maintains the street lights.
- It runs schools for the children.
- It maintains village dispensaries and health services.
- It constructs and repairs village roads.
- It also settles disputes among the villagers.
- It maintains centres of adult education and dispensaries.
Municipal Committee
It looks after the needs of the people living in cities. The members of the Municipal Committee are elected by the people. They are called the Municipal Councillors.
The Municipal Committees in big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai are called the Municipal Corporations.
The Municipal Committee does many things for the welfare of the people.
- It looks after the cleanliness of the city.
- It makes arrangements for street lights.
- It arranges for the supply of clean, drinking water.
- It runs hospitals and dispensaries.
- It makes arrangements for primary schools.
- It builds and looks after the city roads.
- It builds and maintains parks.
The Municipal Committee needs a lot of money for all these functions. It gets money from taxes on houses and land. People pay taxes for water and electricity too. They also pay the road tax. The Village Panchayats and the Municipal Committees work to make our lives better and more comfortable.
14/FEBRUARY TO 19/FEBRUARY 2022
CHAPTER 13 THE PEOPLE WHO HELP US
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
We cannot live alone in this world. We need the help of many people to fulfil our day-to-day needs, and to make our life comfortable. Some of them are doctors, policemen, teachers, postmen, lawyers, carpenters, etc.
The Doctor
When we fall ill, we go to a doctor. The doctor examines us and gives us medicines. He helps us to stay healthy. When we get hurt, the doctor applies medicines on the wound and covers it with a bandage. The doctor gives us injections and vaccinations to protect us from diseases like cholera, polio, typhoid and other diseases.
The doctor also tells us why we fall ill and what type of medicines or injections will cure us. He also tells us what we must eat when we are sick. In cities, there are big hospitals. They have many doctors and nurses to look after the patients.
Big villages and towns have dispensaries to look after the sick people. A group of villages have a Primary Health Centre.
In small villages, where there are no dispensaries, the health department arranges for mobile dispensaries.
The doctors and other medical staff go to such places in a van which has medicines, and other facilities for treating the sick.
The doctor helps us to remain healthy. We must follow the advice of the doctor and be always fit and fine.
There are doctors who treat sick animals. They are called Veterinary doctors.
The Policeman
The policeman protects our life and property. He looks after the law and order in his own area and arrests the thieves and criminals. He maintains peace in the area under his charge. The policeman also helps us in tracing the people, who are lost or dead under mysterious conditions.
Whenever there is any law and order problem, we can inform the policeman on duty and seek his help.
In big cities, the policemen control the traffic on the roads. It is also the duty of the traffic policeman to see that the traffic moves smoothly. He also sees that there are no traffic jams or accidents.
We must follow the traffic rules and co-operate with the policemen. The policemen always work for our safety and security.
The Teacher
We go to school to study. At school, the teachers look after us. They teach us many subjects.
They also teach us how to draw and paint, sing and dance, play games, and take part in many other activities. Our teachers teach us good habits and manners. They
teach us to be punctual. They work hard to make us good citizens.
The Postman
The postman is very helpful to us. He brings us letters, parcels and eMO/iMO from our friends and relatives.
The postman works in a post office. He also collects letters from letter boxes, and takes them to the post office.
After the letters are stamped and sorted out, they are sent to their destinations.
The postman does his work honestly and regularly even during rain, severe winter or extremely hot weather.
In villages, the postman has to go from one village to another to deliver the letters on a bicycle or on foot.
Assignment:- Read chapter 13 and do the following exercises.
07/FEBRUARY/2021 to 12/FEBRUARY/2021
CHAPTER 12 OUR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
We often have friends and relatives living in far off places. It is not always possible to visit them. We love to send or receive messages from them. It is called communication. Various means of communication help us to send written or spoken messages to people living at distant places.
Letters
The most common means of communication are letters. We send our letters through post. We can write letters on postcard, inland letter or in an envelope. We must write the complete address on every letter in a clear handwriting. The pin code of the city should also be written clearly in the space provided for the pin code.
It generally takes one or two days for a letter to reach its destination. It takes longer to reach a far off place. Urgent letters can also be sent through speed post or by courier service.
Telephone
We can talk to our friends and relatives within the city and in other cities or countries over a telephone. The telephone is the fastest means of communicating with someone. It is a two-way communication.
The telephone system links most of the towns and the villages in our country. Direct calls can be made on S.T.D. and I.S.D. to many cities and countries all over the world.
The STD stands for the Subscriber Trunk Dialing and ISD stands for International Subscriber Dialing.
Now a days , there are small phones which we can carry with us, wherever we go. These phones are called the mobile or the cellular phones. We can even send short written messages (SMS) or pictures on these phones.
Mass Media
In case, a message or news is to be communicated to a large number of people at the same time, we can take the help of a newspaper, radio or the television.
Newspapers carry messages throughout the country or in other parts of the world within twenty-four hours. Therefore, these are also called as means of mass communication.
They also carry news from different parts of the world. Television and radio are also means of mass communication.
Radio and television (T.V.) help to broadcast messages and information. They can reach a large number of people immediately. We can also listen to or watch news bulletins, entertainment programmes, films, cricket matches and educational programmes on the radio and television. Television is a very popular means of communication. Even those, who cannot read or write, can listen to the radio or watch the television. The television is considered the best means of communication and entertainment these days.
Satellite
In the recent times, satellites have made communication easier and quicker. While sitting in our homes, we can watch a cricket match being played in any part of the world.
Fax, E-mail and Internet
Fax, E-mail and Internet are other modern means of communication which have revolutionised the world of communication altogether.
By using a fax machine, a letter can reach any part of the world in just a few minutes. With the help of an internet, we can get information as and when we want, on the computer. E-mails can be sent and received from one computer to another anywhere in the world in just a few seconds.
Watch the video..
Assignment:- Read chapter 12 carefully and do the following exercises.
04/FEBRUARY/2022
CHAPTER 21 : THE EARLY MAN-II THE INVENTION OF WHEEL
Assignment:- Do the following exercises.
01/FEBRUARY/2022
CHAPTER 21 : THE EARLY MAN-II THE INVENTION OF WHEEL
Watch the video..
Assignment:- Read chapter-21 and do the following exercises.
28/JANUARY/2022
CHAPTER 20 : THE EARLY MAN-1 THE DISCOVERY OF FIRE
Discovery of Fire
Early human beings did not know how to cook food. They ate their food raw. They were afraid of fire when they saw fires break out in jungles. Soon they realised that fire protected them from cold. They also observed that animals were scared of fire. But the early human beings did not know how to make fire. They might have brought a burning stick from a jungle fire and kept it alive by adding dry leaves and wood to it, to protect themselves from the wild animals.
One day, the early human beings saw sparks when they rubbed two pieces of stones while making new stone tools. The dry leaves and grass lying near it caught fire. This is how they learnt to make fire.
Perhaps, one day a piece of raw flesh fell accidentally into the fire, and got roasted. When they took it out and ate it, they found it to be softer and tastier than the raw flesh.
This taught the early man, how to cook food by roasting it on fire. The discovery of fire made their live safer and more comfortable. Fire gave them warmth. It protected them from wild animals.
Watch the video..
Assignment:- Read chapter-20 and do the following exercises.
25/JANUARY/2022
CHAPTER 20 : THE EARLY MAN-1 THE DISCOVERY OF FIRE
Long-long ago the life of the human beings, who lived on the earth, was very different from the life of today. The human beings who lived thousands of years ago are called the Early Men. They lived in caves in jungles. Their food, clothes and the way of living were very different from those of ours.
Their life was difficult. Their main problem was food. They gathered fruits from trees and roots of plants. Sometimes they killed wild animals and ate its flesh raw. When food at one place was not available, they moved to another place in search of it. So they wandered here and there in search of food.
Tools of Early Human Beings
It was difficult for them to kill animals without any weapons. They used stones for hitting animals to kill them. Stones were first tools of human beings.
They searched for stones which were easy to cut. Early human beings started to sharpen the stones. They also learnt to make tools with bones. Thus, as time passed,
there was a great improvement in the quality of tools used by the early men.
They learnt to use sharp and pointed wooden sticks to kill even the bigger animals. They made spear by tying a sharp stone to the branch of a tree. This helped them in hunting and killing animals from a distance. In this way, the early men protected themselves from wild animals.
The early human beings had no clothes to cover their bodies. They used to wear the skins of animals or barks of trees. In winters, they lived inside caves to protect themselves from the cold.
One day, they learnt to take out the skin of the dead animals, and used it to cover their bodies to protect themselves from the cold.
Assignment:- Read chapter-20.
21/JANUARY/2022
CHAPTER 19 : IMPORTANT INDIAN CITIES
Bhopal
Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh. The city is located on the banks of two lakes – Lower lake and Upper lake. Bhopal is known as the "City of Lakes" for its various natural as well as artificial lakes.
Taj-ul-Masjid, Moti Masjid, Birla Mandir, Van Vihar and Sanchi Stupa are major tourist destinations. Diwali, Ijtima, Ram Navami and Dhrupad Samaroh are major festivals celebrated here.
Hyderabad
Hyderabad, also known as "City of Pearls", is the capital city of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The major industries of city include pearls, glass manufacturing, textiles, railway coaches and handicrafts.
Mecca Masjid, Nehru Zoological Park and Chowmahalla Palace are some of its major tourist attractions.
Diwali, Ganesha Chaturthi, Muharram, and Eid are the main festivals celebrated here.
Bengaluru
Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka. Bengaluru is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its gentle climate, broad streets, greenery and the presence of many public parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. It is also called as the Silicon Valley of India because of the large number of information technology
companies located in the city. Bangalore Karaga is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Bengaluru.
Other popular festivals in Bengaluru are Ugadi, Eid, Idul-Fitr, Dussehra, Diwali and Christmas.
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram is the capital of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. It lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers.
There are many tourist destinations in the city including Kovalam Beach, Shanghumukham Beach, Napier Museum, Agasthyarkoodam Peak, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Dam and many others. People speak Malayalam and English. Onam is the major festival.
Watch the video..
Assignment:- Read chapter-19 and do the following exercises.
18/JANUARY/2022
CHAPTER 19 : IMPORTANT INDIAN CITIES
Let us look at some other major cities of our multifaceted country.
Chandigarh
Chandigarh is the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana. It is the first ever planned city in India. Chandigarh was planned by the French architect Le Corbusier. It was declared a Union Territory in 1966.
The city is comprised of people from various religions like Hindus, Sikhs, Christians and Muslims. Major festivals celebrated here by the locals are Baisakhi, Guruparab, Lohri.
Rock Garden is very famous as it has been made by using industrial and urban waste. Sukhna Lake and Rose Garden are other major tourist attractions.
Jaipur
Jaipur is the capital city of Rajasthan. It was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. Some of the important places of tourist attractions are Hawa Mahal, City Palace, Jantar Mantar and Albert Hall. It is known as the "Pink City" because of the pink sandstone used for the construction of all the structures.
Jaipur has major craft industries like block printing; sculpture; miniature paintings; ivory carving and shellac work. Major festivals celebrated are Gangaur, Teej,
Kite and Elephant festival.
Lucknow
Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh. The city is on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River. Hindi and Urdu are the main languages of Lucknow. The major industrial items are marble products, handicrafts, art pieces, jeweler, textiles, and electronics.
Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Eid, and Muharram are major festivals celebrated in Lucknow. Clock Tower, Rumi Darwaza, Imambaras and the Shaheed Smarak are its main tourist attractions.
Patna
Patna is the capital city of Bihar. Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. It is a major agricultural centre of trade and its most active exports are grain, sugar cane, sesame, and Patna rice. Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb, Hanuman Mandir, Patna Museum, Golghar and Qila House are some of the major tourist attractions of this city. Chhath, Dussehra, Diwali, Holi and Eid are major festivals celebrated here.
Guwahati
Guwahati is the biggest city of Assam. The city is between the banks of the Brahmaputra river and the foothills of the Shillong plateau. Assam State Museum,
Guwahati Planetarium and Bhubaneswari Temple are some of the major tourist attractions. Bihu and Brahmaputra beach festival are major festivals celebrated here. Guwahati is famous for bamboo items, traditional hand loom, and mekhla chadars.
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad is the largest city of Gujarat. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the River Sabarmati. Textiles is one of the major industries of the city along with automobile and gemstone industries. Navratri, Diwali, Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi and Eid are major festivals of this city. Garba is the most popular folk dance of Gujarat. Akshardham Temple, Sardar Patel National Memorial, Sabarmati Ashram and Bhadra Fort are major tourist attractions.
11/JANUARY/2022
CHAPTER 18 CHENNAI
Assignment :- Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
07/DECEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 18 CHENNAI
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
Chennai (earlier known as Madras) is the fourth largest city of India. It is situated on the south-eastern coast of India. It lies along the Bay of Bengal. Majority of the people in the city speak Tamil.
Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. All important offices of the government of Tamil Nadu are located here. The Governor, the Chief Minister and other state ministers of Tamil Nadu have their residence in Chennai.
Chennai is an important seaport. Ships bring in goods from other countries, and carry goods made in our country to other countries from this seaport.
Industries
There are many important industries which produce cars, motorcycles, paints, leather goods, petroleum, railway coaches, etc. Perambur near Chennai is famous for its factory, making railway coaches. Tanks are manufactured near Avadi in Chennai. Chennai has a very well-known film industry. It produces Hindi and Tamil films.
Festivals
People of Chennai celebrate a number of festivals. Pongal is the most important festival of Chennai. It is a harvest festival, celebrated in the month of January.
Climate
The climate of Chennai is neither very hot nor very cold. In summer, it is very humid. People wear cotton clothes throughout the year. The city gets more rain in winter than in summer.
Tourist Attractions
Chennai has a beautiful beach, called the Marina Beach. It is the longest beach in India. The V.G.P. Golden Beach is liked by children because of its swings and a toy train. Chennai is an important tourist centre. It has many places worthseeing such as Fort St. George, St. Thomas Cathedral, the Government Museum, Kapaleshwar and Parthasarthi temples, Snake Park, and the Gandhi Mandapam. These temples are well-known for their stone carvings.
Food
The main food of the people of Chennai is rice, sambar and curd. Their dishes like dosa, idli, upma, vada, and rasam are also quite popular in other parts of the country.
Dance
The people here are very fond of music and dance, especially classical dances.
The most popular dance of Tamil Nadu is Bharatnatyam. Almost every house has one girl or woman learning this dance form.
Assignment :- Read chapter-18 and Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
03/DECEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 17 KOLKATA
Assignment:- Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
30/NOVEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 17 KOLKATA
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
Kolkata, earlier called Calcutta, is one of the important metropolitan cities of India. It was established by the British in 1668 and was the capital of British India till 1911. It is situated on the bank of the river Hugli in Bengal.
It lies on the east coast of India.
Government
It is the capital of Bengal. All important offices of the state government are located here. The language spoken in this metropolitan city is Bengali.
The city is about 150 km from the sea, yet it is an important seaport because the river Hugli is very deep and big ships can safely sail through it.
Tourist Attractions
The Howrah Bridge, on the river Hugli, is one of the main attractions of Kolkata. It is a cantilever bridge. It does not have any pillars.
The new name of this bridge is Rabindra Setu. The bridge could be opened and lifted to allow the ships to pass. But now, it has been closed. A new bridge on the river Hugli, called Vidyasagar Setu, connects Howrah and Kolkata.
Industries
Kolkata is an important centre of industry. The main industries here are: cotton, silk, jute, rice mills, chemicals, fertilizers, paper and glassworks.
Climate
The climate of Kolkata is mild and humid. It is neither very hot nor very cold. It rains heavily here during the monsoon or rainy season.
Festivals
The most important festival of Bengal is the Durga Puja. It is celebrated with great pomp and show for about ten days.
Transport
Kolkata has India's first underground railway system, called the Metro. The Tram is another means of transport here. A tram runs on rails through the city.
The airport in Kolkata is named after the great leader Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
Food
The people of Kolkata love to eat rice and fish. They also love sweets like rasogulla and sandesh. The Bengalis are fond of painting, singing and dancing. Their most popular game is football.
Tourist Attractions
The places worth visiting in Kolkata are: The Victoria Memorial made of white marble is a famous monument known for its paintings and statues. The Birla Planetarium, the Ravindra Sarovar, the National Library, the Belur Math and the temples in Kalighat and Dakshineshwar are other attractions. One can also visit the Science City. The Botanical Garden is famous for its ancient banyan tree. The Eden Gardens is a famous cricket ground in Kolkata. Salt Lake Stadium is another famous stadium of Kolkata.
Kolkata also has a major port called the Diamond Harbour.
Shantiniketan, founded by the famous Bengali poet, Rabindranath Tagore, is at some distance away from Kolkata.
Assignment:- Read chapter-17.
26/NOVEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 16 MUMBAI
Assignment:- Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
23/NOVEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 16 MUMBAI
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
Mumbai or Bombay of the older days, is an important metropolitan city of India. It is situated on the west coast of India along the Arabian Sea. People from different parts of our country live here. A large number of people in Mumbai speak Marathi.
Government
Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra. The Governor, the Chief Minister and other State Ministers have their offices in Mumbai. The other offices of the State Government are also located in Mumbai.
Mumbai is the biggest seaport of India. Goods are shipped to other countries from Mumbai. Goods from other countries are also brought here by ships.
Climate
The climate of Mumbai is neither too hot nor too cold. It is warm and humid in summer. There is a heavy rainfall during June, July and August.
Industries
Mumbai is a ‘City of Industries’. It has a large number of cotton textile mills. It also has factories producing chemicals, medicines, edible oils, fertilizers and electronic goods. These factories provide jobs to a large number of people from all parts of India.
In Bombay High, crude oil has been found in the seabed. Bombay High is one of the most important petroleum fields in India. India’s first atomic power plant, known as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, is situated at Trombay near Mumbai. It carries out research related to peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Mumbai is the centre of film industry too. Most of the Hindi and the Marathi films and television serials are produced in Mumbai. So it is also called Bollywood. Most of the Hindi film actors also live here.
Festivals
Though all the important Indian festivals are celebrated here, Ganesh Chaturthi is the most important festival for the people of Mumbai. It is celebrated with great devotion and rejoicing for ten days.
Favorite Food
The people here are fond of eating shrikhand, bhelpuri, vada-pav and pav bhaji.
Tourist Attractions
The most famous landmark in Mumbai is the Gateway of India. Other interesting places are: the amusement park, called the Essel World, the Taraporevala Aquarium, the Kamla Nehru Park, the Hanging Garden, the Jahangir Art Gallery, etc. Other beautiful places along the sea are: the Marine Drive, the Chaupati, the Nariman Point and the Juhu Beach.
The arc of shining lights along the Marine Drive is called the Queen’s Necklace. The Elephanta Caves are on an island which is just 10 km away from Mumbai. It has four rock-cut temples.
Transport
The first train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane in 1853. Today, Mumbai has one of the best public transport systems in India. People travel by local trains and busses. Recently monorail has also been started in Mumbai.
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai is one of the busiest railway stations in India. This is known as CST or Bombay V.T.
Assignment:- Read chapter-16.
16/NOVEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 15 DELHI
Assignment:- Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
12/NOVEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 15 DELHI
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
Delhi shares its boundaries with the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. It is now called the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR).
Government
All the main offices of the Central Government of India including the Central Secretariat, are located in New Delhi. The offices of the National Capital Territory of Delhi are also located here. Our President, Prime Minister and all the Central Ministers, Members of Parliament (MPs) live in New Delhi. The Embassies of other countries are also located in New Delhi. It is the capital city of India.
History
Delhi has been the capital of many kingdoms in the past. The city was first built by the Pandava kings and was called Indraprastha. Emperor Shah Jahan rebuilt it, and named it as Shah Jahanabad.
When the Britishers ruled over India, they shifted their capital from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Delhi. New Delhi, actually was planned and designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens during the British rule in India.
The President of India lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. It has the beautiful Mughal Gardens which are open to public during the spring time.
The Parliament House is also situated nearby. It is a beautiful, round building.
Historic Monuments
The India Gate is another important landmark of Delhi. It was built in the memory of the Indian soldiers who lost their lives in the World War. The Amar Jawan Jyoti keeps burning day and night at the India Gate in the memory of those soldiers, who sacrificed their lives for the country.
New Delhi is a well-planned city. It has broad roads and beautiful places of historical interest. The Red Fort is made up of red sandstone. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
On the Independence Day, the Prime Minister of India hoists the National Flag at the Red Fort, every year.
Among other buildings, there are the Humayun Tomb and the Old Fort. Jantar Mantar is an observatory.
Other Places to Visit
The Raj Ghat is the samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi–The Father of the Nation. Shanti Van, Shakti Sthal, Vijay Ghat, etc. are the other samadhis of our National Leaders.
Delhi has beautiful gardens like the Buddha Jayanti Park and the Lodhi Gardens. The Nehru Planetarium, the Zoo, the Rail Museum, the Dolls Museum and the Appu Ghar are of great attraction to the children.
Religious Places
There are famous places of worship of all religions in Delhi. The Jama Masjid, the Birla Mandir, the St. James Church and the Gurudwara Sisganj are some famous places of worship. The Lotus Temple, built a few years ago in white marble, is a Bahai temple built in the shape of a Lotus. The beautiful Akshardham temple, built a few years ago, has become the greatest tourist attraction of Delhi.
Climate
The climate of Delhi is very hot in summer and very cold in winter. Hot and dry winds, called loo, blow in the months of May and June. It rains here during the months of July, August and September. Winter is very cold.
Industries
Delhi is a big trade centre. It has many industries, offices and business units.
Banking, Information technology, pharmaceutical manufacturing, leather processing are some of the industries found here.
People from all the states of India live here, and practise their own culture, language and festivals. That is why Delhi is called ‘Mini India’.
Transport
Delhi is famous for its Metro rail system. Being a very fast means of transport, metro has made travelling fast, easy and comfortable for the people of Delhi. It is soon going to connect the whole of NCR.
Assignment:- Read chapter-15.
02/NOVEMBER/2021
CHAPTER 14 THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT AND THE MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE
Holiday Homework:- Learn notes of chapter- 11, 12 and 13.
29/OCTOBER/2021
CHAPTER 14 THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT AND THE MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
Just as the elders in a family take care of the needs of every member at home, somebody has to look after the needs of the people, who live in a village or a city. In villages, this work is done by the Village Panchayat.
In cities, the Municipal Committees or Municipal Corporations look after the needs of the people.
Village Panchayat
Every village in India has a Village Panchayat or the Gramsabha. All men and women, who are 18 years of age and above cast their vote to elect members of the Village Panchayat. Each Village Panchayat has at least one woman member. The head of the Panchayat is called the Sarpanch or the Pradhan.
The Village Panchayat works for the welfare of the village, and looks after the needs of the people. It makes arrangements to keep the village neat and clean. Its welfare activities are given below:
- It makes arrangement for drinking water by digging wells.
- It provides and maintains the street lights.
- It runs schools for the children.
- It maintains village dispensaries and health services.
- It constructs and repairs village roads.
- It also settles disputes among the villagers.
- It maintains centres of adult education and dispensaries.
Municipal Committee
It looks after the needs of the people living in cities. The members of the Municipal Committee are elected by the people. They are called the Municipal Councillors.
The Municipal Committees in big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai are called the Municipal Corporations.
The Municipal Committee does many things for the welfare of the people.
- It looks after the cleanliness of the city.
- It makes arrangements for street lights.
- It arranges for the supply of clean, drinking water.
- It runs hospitals and dispensaries.
- It makes arrangements for primary schools.
- It builds and looks after the city roads.
- It builds and maintains parks.
The Municipal Committee needs a lot of money for all these functions. It gets money from taxes on houses and land. People pay taxes for water and electricity too. They also pay the road tax. The Village Panchayats and the Municipal Committees work to make our lives better and more comfortable.
In cities, the Municipal Committees or Municipal Corporations look after the needs of the people.
Village Panchayat
Every village in India has a Village Panchayat or the Gramsabha. All men and women, who are 18 years of age and above cast their vote to elect members of the Village Panchayat. Each Village Panchayat has at least one woman member. The head of the Panchayat is called the Sarpanch or the Pradhan.
The Village Panchayat works for the welfare of the village, and looks after the needs of the people. It makes arrangements to keep the village neat and clean. Its welfare activities are given below:
- It makes arrangement for drinking water by digging wells.
- It provides and maintains the street lights.
- It runs schools for the children.
- It maintains village dispensaries and health services.
- It constructs and repairs village roads.
- It also settles disputes among the villagers.
- It maintains centres of adult education and dispensaries.
Municipal Committee
It looks after the needs of the people living in cities. The members of the Municipal Committee are elected by the people. They are called the Municipal Councillors.
The Municipal Committees in big cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai are called the Municipal Corporations.
The Municipal Committee does many things for the welfare of the people.
- It looks after the cleanliness of the city.
- It makes arrangements for street lights.
- It arranges for the supply of clean, drinking water.
- It runs hospitals and dispensaries.
- It makes arrangements for primary schools.
- It builds and looks after the city roads.
- It builds and maintains parks.
The Municipal Committee needs a lot of money for all these functions. It gets money from taxes on houses and land. People pay taxes for water and electricity too. They also pay the road tax. The Village Panchayats and the Municipal Committees work to make our lives better and more comfortable.
Assignment:- Read chapter- 14.
26/OCTOBER/2021
CHAPTER 13 THE PEOPLE WHO HELP US
Assignment:- Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
22/OCTOBER/2021
CHAPTER 13 THE PEOPLE WHO HELP US
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
We cannot live alone in this world. We need the help of many people to fulfil our day-to-day needs, and to make our life comfortable. Some of them are doctors, policemen, teachers, postmen, lawyers, carpenters, etc.
The Doctor
When we fall ill, we go to a doctor. The doctor examines us and gives us medicines. He helps us to stay healthy. When we get hurt, the doctor applies medicines on the wound and covers it with a bandage. The doctor gives us injections and vaccinations to protect us from diseases like cholera, polio, typhoid and other diseases.
The doctor also tells us why we fall ill and what type of medicines or injections will cure us. He also tells us what we must eat when we are sick. In cities, there are big hospitals. They have many doctors and nurses to look after the patients.
Big villages and towns have dispensaries to look after the sick people. A group of villages have a Primary Health Centre.
In small villages, where there are no dispensaries, the health department arranges for mobile dispensaries.
The doctors and other medical staff go to such places in a van which has medicines, and other facilities for treating the sick.
The doctor helps us to remain healthy. We must follow the advice of the doctor and be always fit and fine.
There are doctors who treat sick animals. They are called Veterinary doctors.
The Policeman
The policeman protects our life and property. He looks after the law and order in his own area and arrests the thieves and criminals. He maintains peace in the area under his charge. The policeman also helps us in tracing the people, who are lost or dead under mysterious conditions.
Whenever there is any law and order problem, we can inform the policeman on duty and seek his help.
In big cities, the policemen control the traffic on the roads. It is also the duty of the traffic policeman to see that the traffic moves smoothly. He also sees that there are no traffic jams or accidents.
We must follow the traffic rules and co-operate with the policemen. The policemen always work for our safety and security.
The Teacher
We go to school to study. At school, the teachers look after us. They teach us many subjects.
They also teach us how to draw and paint, sing and dance, play games, and take part in many other activities. Our teachers teach us good habits and manners. They
teach us to be punctual. They work hard to make us good citizens.
The Postman
The postman is very helpful to us. He brings us letters, parcels and eMO/iMO from our friends and relatives.
The postman works in a post office. He also collects letters from letter boxes, and takes them to the post office.
After the letters are stamped and sorted out, they are sent to their destinations.
The postman does his work honestly and regularly even during rain, severe winter or extremely hot weather.
In villages, the postman has to go from one village to another to deliver the letters on a bicycle or on foot.
The Doctor
When we fall ill, we go to a doctor. The doctor examines us and gives us medicines. He helps us to stay healthy. When we get hurt, the doctor applies medicines on the wound and covers it with a bandage. The doctor gives us injections and vaccinations to protect us from diseases like cholera, polio, typhoid and other diseases.
The doctor also tells us why we fall ill and what type of medicines or injections will cure us. He also tells us what we must eat when we are sick. In cities, there are big hospitals. They have many doctors and nurses to look after the patients.
Big villages and towns have dispensaries to look after the sick people. A group of villages have a Primary Health Centre.
In small villages, where there are no dispensaries, the health department arranges for mobile dispensaries.
The doctors and other medical staff go to such places in a van which has medicines, and other facilities for treating the sick.
The doctor helps us to remain healthy. We must follow the advice of the doctor and be always fit and fine.
There are doctors who treat sick animals. They are called Veterinary doctors.
The Policeman
The policeman protects our life and property. He looks after the law and order in his own area and arrests the thieves and criminals. He maintains peace in the area under his charge. The policeman also helps us in tracing the people, who are lost or dead under mysterious conditions.
Whenever there is any law and order problem, we can inform the policeman on duty and seek his help.
In big cities, the policemen control the traffic on the roads. It is also the duty of the traffic policeman to see that the traffic moves smoothly. He also sees that there are no traffic jams or accidents.
We must follow the traffic rules and co-operate with the policemen. The policemen always work for our safety and security.
The Teacher
We go to school to study. At school, the teachers look after us. They teach us many subjects.
They also teach us how to draw and paint, sing and dance, play games, and take part in many other activities. Our teachers teach us good habits and manners. They
teach us to be punctual. They work hard to make us good citizens.
The Postman
The postman is very helpful to us. He brings us letters, parcels and eMO/iMO from our friends and relatives.
The postman works in a post office. He also collects letters from letter boxes, and takes them to the post office.
After the letters are stamped and sorted out, they are sent to their destinations.
The postman does his work honestly and regularly even during rain, severe winter or extremely hot weather.
In villages, the postman has to go from one village to another to deliver the letters on a bicycle or on foot.
Assignment:- Read chapter 13.
08/OCTOBER/2021
CHAPTER 12 OUR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Assignment:- Complete the following in your Social Studies-OCB.
05/OCTOBER/2021
CHAPTER 12 OUR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Now watch this video for your better understanding:-
We often have friends and relatives living in far off places. It is not always possible to visit them. We love to send or receive messages from them. It is called communication. Various means of communication help us to send written or spoken messages to people living at distant places.
Letters
The most common means of communication are letters. We send our letters through post. We can write letters on postcard, inland letter or in an envelope. We must write the complete address on every letter in a clear handwriting. The pin code of the city should also be written clearly in the space provided for the pin code.
It generally takes one or two days for a letter to reach its destination. It takes longer to reach a far off place. Urgent letters can also be sent through speed post or by courier service.
Telephone
We can talk to our friends and relatives within the city and in other cities or countries over a telephone. The telephone is the fastest means of communicating with someone. It is a two-way communication.
The telephone system links most of the towns and the villages in our country. Direct calls can be made on S.T.D. and I.S.D. to many cities and countries all over the world.
The STD stands for the Subscriber Trunk Dialing and ISD stands for International Subscriber Dialing.
Now a days , there are small phones which we can carry with us, wherever we go. These phones are called the mobile or the cellular phones. We can even send short written messages (SMS) or pictures on these phones.
Mass Media
In case, a message or news is to be communicated to a large number of people at the same time, we can take the help of a newspaper, radio or the television.
Newspapers carry messages throughout the country or in other parts of the world within twenty-four hours. Therefore, these are also called as means of mass communication.
They also carry news from different parts of the world. Television and radio are also means of mass communication.
Radio and television (T.V.) help to broadcast messages and information. They can reach a large number of people immediately. We can also listen to or watch news bulletins, entertainment programmes, films, cricket matches and educational programmes on the radio and television. Television is a very popular means of communication. Even those, who cannot read or write, can listen to the radio or watch the television. The television is considered the best means of communication and entertainment these days.
Satellite
In the recent times, satellites have made communication easier and quicker. While sitting in our homes, we can watch a cricket match being played in any part of the world.
Fax, E-mail and Internet
Fax, E-mail and Internet are other modern means of communication which have revolutionised the world of communication altogether.
By using a fax machine, a letter can reach any part of the world in just a few minutes. With the help of an internet, we can get information as and when we want, on the computer. E-mails can be sent and received from one computer to another anywhere in the world in just a few seconds.
Letters
The most common means of communication are letters. We send our letters through post. We can write letters on postcard, inland letter or in an envelope. We must write the complete address on every letter in a clear handwriting. The pin code of the city should also be written clearly in the space provided for the pin code.
It generally takes one or two days for a letter to reach its destination. It takes longer to reach a far off place. Urgent letters can also be sent through speed post or by courier service.
Telephone
We can talk to our friends and relatives within the city and in other cities or countries over a telephone. The telephone is the fastest means of communicating with someone. It is a two-way communication.
The telephone system links most of the towns and the villages in our country. Direct calls can be made on S.T.D. and I.S.D. to many cities and countries all over the world.
The STD stands for the Subscriber Trunk Dialing and ISD stands for International Subscriber Dialing.
Now a days , there are small phones which we can carry with us, wherever we go. These phones are called the mobile or the cellular phones. We can even send short written messages (SMS) or pictures on these phones.
Mass Media
In case, a message or news is to be communicated to a large number of people at the same time, we can take the help of a newspaper, radio or the television.
Newspapers carry messages throughout the country or in other parts of the world within twenty-four hours. Therefore, these are also called as means of mass communication.
They also carry news from different parts of the world. Television and radio are also means of mass communication.
Radio and television (T.V.) help to broadcast messages and information. They can reach a large number of people immediately. We can also listen to or watch news bulletins, entertainment programmes, films, cricket matches and educational programmes on the radio and television. Television is a very popular means of communication. Even those, who cannot read or write, can listen to the radio or watch the television. The television is considered the best means of communication and entertainment these days.
Satellite
In the recent times, satellites have made communication easier and quicker. While sitting in our homes, we can watch a cricket match being played in any part of the world.
Fax, E-mail and Internet
Fax, E-mail and Internet are other modern means of communication which have revolutionised the world of communication altogether.
By using a fax machine, a letter can reach any part of the world in just a few minutes. With the help of an internet, we can get information as and when we want, on the computer. E-mails can be sent and received from one computer to another anywhere in the world in just a few seconds.
Assignment:- Read chapter 12 carefully.
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